CBSE - Minerals and Energy Resources

Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material?
(a) coal
(b) bauxite
(c) gold
(d) zinc
ANS (b) bauxite

Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
(a) bauxite
(b) mica
(c) iron ore
(d) copper
ANS (b) mica

Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the following rocks?
(a) sedimentary rocks
(b) metamorphic rocks
(c) igneous rocks
(d) none of the above
ANS (a) sedimentary rocks

Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
(a) oil
(b) uranium
(c) thorium
(d) coal
ANS (c) thorium

Ferrous minerals	Non-ferrous minerals
Metallic minerals which contain iron are called ferrous minerals, e.g. iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc.	Metallic minerals which do not contain iron are called non-ferrous minerals, e.g. copper, bauxite, tin, etc.

Conventional Sources of Energy	Non-conventional Sources of Energy
Conventional sources of energy are those sources which have been use since the early times.	Non-conventional sources of energy have generally been identified in the recent past.
They cause pollution when used as they emit smoke and ash.	Generally these are pollution-free.
Their generation and use involve huge expenditure.	Low expenditure required.
Very expensive to maintain, store, transmit as they are carried over long distances through transmission grids.	Less expensive due to local use and easy maintenance.
Examples are � coal, natural gas, water, fire-wood.	Examples are � geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biogas energy, nuclear energy.

A mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable interior structure.

In igneous and metamorphic rocks, molten/liquid and gaseous minerals are forced upwards into the cracks. They then solidify and form veins or lodes.

It takes millions of years for the formation of minerals. Compared to the present rate of consumption, the replenishment rate of minerals is very slow. Hence, mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Due to this, it is important that we conserve the mineral resources.

→ The major resources of metallurgical coal belong to the Gondwana age and are located mainly in the north eastern part of the peninsula.
→ Rich reserves of coal are found in the Damodar Valley region in the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand are important coalfields. One third of the total production comes from here.
→ Coal is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. Korba in Chhattisgarh, Singrauli and Penah-kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh, Talcher in Orissa, Kamptee and Chandrapur in Maharashtra and Singareni of Andhra Pradesh are important coal mines.
→ Tertiary coal occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
→ Principal lignite reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.

Solar energy has a bright future in India because –
→ India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.
→ Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas.
→ It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dunk cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

Q.1 How many percent minerals intake represents in our total intake of nutrients –
(a) 0.3 (b) 3.0
(c) 0.5 (d) 5.0
Q.2Magnetite is the finest iron or with a new higher content iron- up to –
(a) 60% (b) 70%
(c) 80% (d) 90%
Q.3 State which is the largest producer of Manganese is –
(a) Karnataka (b) Jharkhand
(c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Orissa
Q.4 Which is the oldest oil producing state in India:
(a) Gujarat (b) Maharashtra
(c)Assam (d) none of this
Q.5 India now ranks as a super power in the world, that is:
(a) Wind Super Power (b) Solar Super Power
(c) Hydel superpower (d) Tidal Super Power 

 MCQ--Ans.1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a)

a) Revolution in agriculture-different type of tools invented like axe, hook, plough etc.
 b) Revolution in industry-different tools and machines like spinning.
 c) Revolution in transportation- bullock-cart, ships, boats etc.

 a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks ( cracks, crevice, faults or joints)
 b) In beds or layers of sedimentary rocks due to deposition, accumulation and concentration.
 c) Decomposition of surface rocks
 d) Alluvial deposits in sands of valleys and the base of hills as “ Placer Deposits”

a) High risk involved 
b) Due to poisonous fumes, mines are vulnerable to workers for pulmonary diseases.
c) Risk of collapsing mines roofs, and fires in coal mines.
d) Water sources get contaminated

a) Coal and natural oil are exhaustible.
b) Nuclear power plants are easy to handle
c) Most developed countries are utilizing this energy successfully
d) It can be useful in fields of medicines and agriculture
e) Hydel energy is not satisfactory due to environmental issues

a) Hot and dry region
 b) Clear sky almost whole year
 c) Cheaper installation
 d) Renewable and pollution free energy source.
 e) Government motivation

Most of the petroleum producing areas in India are associated with anticlines and faults traps in the rock
formations of the tertiary age. In the region folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest
of the uphold. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous rocks.
Major petroleum producing areas of India are …
1) ASSAM- Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran-Hugrijan, Namdang region
2) GUJRAT- Ankeleshwar, Lunez, Navgan
3) MUMBAI HIGH
4) Godavari – Mahanadi basin

NATURAL GAS
• It is a mixture of combustible gaseous hydrocarbons occurring in the rocks of earth crust.
• This is commercial energy.
• It is used as raw material in the petrochemicals.
• It is transported from one place to another through pipeline.
• Mostly used in urban areas.

BIO GAS
• It is derived by decomposition of waste of animals and plants with the help of microorganism in
presence of water.
• Non commercial energy
• It is produced in tanks
• It is found in rural areas

Sources of energy which are renewable, eco-friendly and newer one are called non conventional sources
 of energy i.e. wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy etc.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth.
Where the geothermal gradient is high , high temperature is found at shallow depth . There are several hot springs
in India which could be used to generate electricity. Two projects, one is MANIKARAN in Himachal and second
in PUGA VALLEY in Ladakh has been set up in India to harness Geothermal energy.

TIDAL ENERGY:
Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity .During high tides water flows into the inlet and get trapped when
it is closed. After the fall of tide the water flows back to the sea via pipe lines that carry it through power
generating turbines. In India gulf of Kutch provides ideal conditions for tidal energy.

• India gets advantage of trade winds, western lies and monsoon winds.
• Wind energy completely pollution free and non exhaustible that’s why it becomes popular.
• India has an ambitious program to install 250 wind driven turbines with total capacity of 45 mega
watts spread over 12 suitable locations.
• India’s potential wind power generation is of 50000 megawatts of which ¼ can be easily
harnessed.
• Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have favorable conditions for wind
energy. Wind power plant at LAMBA in Gujarat, is the largest in Asia.

Following efforts can be made to conserve energy resource in India:
 i Using public transport instead of individual vehicles.
 ii Switching of electricity when not in use.
 iii Using power saving devices.
 iv More and more use of non conventional source of energy as they are renewable and eco-friendly.
 v In automobiles electrical motors should be introduced.
 vi Intensified exploration and research of new sources of energy.