CBSE - People as Resource

People as a resource is a way of referring to the country’s working population in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.

Human resource makes use of other resources like land and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. This is the reason why human resource is considered to be superior to the other resources.

Education is the most important component of human resource development.

→Proper education and training enable the formation of this human capital. An educated population is an asset, a resource. 

→ Education enhances the quantity and quality of individual productivity, which in turn adds to the growth of the economy. 

→It develops personality and sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for rapid economc growth.

Health plays an important role in human capital formation. A healthy person is more likely to realize his full potential and can become an asset for the economy. An unhealthy person is less likely to realize his potential and can become a liability for the economy.

The health of an individual helps him to realise his potential and also gives him the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy individual is a liability to his place of work. The health of a person is directly related to his efficiency. As compared to an unhealthy individual, a healthy person can work more efficiently and with greater productivity

Primary sector comprises activities related to the extraction and production of natural resources. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying are the activities undertaken in this sector.

Secondary sector comprises activities related to the processing of natural resources. Manufacturing is included in this sector.

Tertiary sector comprises activities that provide support to the primary and secondary sectors through various services. Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, insurance, etc., are examples of tertiary activities

Activities that add value to the national income are called economic activities. These have two parts - market activities (production for pay or profit) and non-market activities (production for self consumption).
Non-economic activities are the ones that do not add to the national income; for example, an individual performing domestic chores.

Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market. Due to gender discrimination, women are generally denied the education and the necessary skills to become worthy contributors to the national income. As a result, a majority of women have meagre education and low skill formation. This is one of the reasons why they get paid less than men.

Unemployment is a situation in which people who are able and willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.

An individual is termed as unemployed if he or she is part of the workforce of a country, and is capable and willing to work for payment, but is unable to do so.

Disguised unemployment: When more persons are working in a job than actually required, the situation is termed as disguised unemployment. For example, if in an agricultural activity eight people are engaged but this work/activity actually requires the services of five people, then three persons are extra. If these three people out of eight are withdrawn, total production will remain unaffected.
Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are able to find jobs only during some months of the year. For Example, Agricultural labourers find work only during the busy seasons, i.e., sowing, harvesting, weeding and threshing. This is because of the seasonal character of agriculture in India.

Educated Unemployement is the situation wherein a number of youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find suitable jobs. India has a huge population and every year a large number of people graduate from schools and colleges. Employment generation in various sectors is not keeping pace with the number of educated people coming out of educational institutions. Due to this, educated unemployed is a peculiar problem of India.

India can build the maximum employment opportunity in the agricultural sector and its based industries. Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. When the efficient and quality packaging happen with agricultural products then it can generate a lot of employement oppurtunities.

Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:
→ Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
→ Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
→ The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.

Human capital makes use of the other resources like land, labour and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. Hence, human capital may well be considered the best among all the resources.

Q.1. Why is literacy rate is low in the females?
(a) lack of equal education opportunities
(b) lack of transport facilities
(c) lack of infrastructure (d) lack of income

Q.2. Which state has highest literacy rate as per 2001?

(a) Kerala (b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Bihar (d) Orissa

Q.3. Which of the following is a significant step towards providing basic education to the children in the age group of 6­14 years?
(a) Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (b) Adult Education Programme
(c) Mid­day meal (d) None

Q.4. Market activity known as production for
(a) exchange (b) earning income
(c) earning profit (d) all the above

Q.5. Increase in longevity of life is an indicator of
(a) good quality of life (b) improvement in health sector
(c) better HDI (Human Development Index) (d) all the above

Q.6. what is Self­consumption is called
(a) non­production activity (b) non­market activity
(c) non­economic activity (d) none of the above

Q.7. Which one from the following is include in Secondary sector includes
(a) trade ( b) marketing
(c) manufacturing (d) education

Q.8. One who can read and write in any language with understanding is termed as
(a) student (b) adult
(c) child (d) literate

Q.9. What is India’s position in scientifically and technically manpower in the world?
(a) first (b) second (c) third (d) fourth

Q.10. Investment in human capital is expenditure on
(a) education (b) training
(c) medical care (d) all the above

Q.11. The scheme for the establishment of residential schools to impart education to talented children from rural areas is
(a) Kendriya Vidyalayas (b) Navodaya Vidyalayas
(c) Sarvodaya Vidyalayas (d) None of the aboves

Q.12. Services of housewives are included in
(a) national income (b) domestic income
(c) household income (d) none of the above

Q.13. Infant mortality rate refers to the death of a child under the age of
(a) 1 year (b) 2 years
(c) 3 years (d) 4 years

Q.14. Choose the non­market activities

(i) Vilas sells fish in the village market (ii) Vilas cooks food for his family (iii) 
Sakal works in a private firm (iv) Sakal looks after his younger brother and
sister
(a) (i) & (ii) (b) (iii) & (iv)
(c) (i) & (iii) (d) (ii) & (iv)

Q.15.Which one from the following is the primary sector activities
(i) Forestry (ii) Poultry farming (iii) Animal husbandry (iv) Manufacturing
(a) (i) 
(b) (i), (ii), (iii)
(c) (ii), (iii), (iv) 
(d) All the above

Q.16.What are Tertiary sector provides
(a) services (b) goods
(c) both goods and services (d) none of the above

Q.17.The quality of population depends on
(a) literacy rate (b) health
(c) skill (d) all the above

Q.18. People as a resource refers to the
(a) educational skills (b) productive skills
(c) health skills (d) none of the above

Q.19. Where is Seasonal unemployment found
(a) urban areas (b) rural areas
(c) in remote areas (d) both in rural and urban areas

Q.20. Bribe taking by parent is an
(a) economic activity (b) marketing activity
(c) non­economic activity (d) none of the above

ANSWERS
Q.1 (a), 2. (a), 3. (a),4. (d), 5. (a), 6. (b), 7(c), 8(d), 9 (c), 10. (d),
11. (b), 12. (d), 13. (a), 14 (d), 15. (b), 16. (a), 17. (d), 18. (b), 19.(b), 20.(c)

Q.21.The persons who are not working by their own willing is covered under
(a) seasonal unemployment (b) disguised unemployment
(c) educated unemployment (d) none of the above

Q.22. Disguised unemployment when the number of persons working on a farm is
(a) only what is required (b) more than required
(c) less than required (d) None of the above

Q.23. If a person cannot find jobs during some months of the year, which type of employment is this called?
(a) Structural unemployment (b) Cyclical unemployment
(c) Seasonal unemployment (d) None of these

Q.24. What is the literacy rate of India as per 2011 census?
(a) 60% (b) 62%
(c) 74.04% (d) 70%

Q.25. What is the sex­ratio of India According to 2001 census, :
(a) 921 females per 1000 (b) 930 females per 1000
(c) 928 females per 1000 (d) 933 females per 1000

Q.26. Forestry and dairy are related to which?
(a) Primary Sector (b) Tertiary Sector
(c) Secondary Sector (d) None of the above

Q.27. What is the expended form of PHC
(a) Public Health Club (b) Private Health Club
(c) Primary Health Centre (d) None of these

Q.28. From the following in which fields is disguised unemployment found?
(a) Industries (b) Agriculture
(c) Mining (d) Fisherise

Q.29. What is the aim of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan?
(a) To provide elementary education to women
(b) To provide elementary education to the rural poor
(c) To provide elementary education to all children in the age group 6­14 years
(d) To provide elementary education to the urban poor

Q.30.Which one from the following is related to the tertiary sector?
(a) Agriculture (b) Forestry
(c) Mining (d) Communication

Q.31. Which one from the following is the most labour absorbing sector?
(a) Agriculture (b) Fisheries
(c) Poultry farming (d) Mining

Q.32. Which one is an economic activity in the following?
(a) Work of Nurse at her home (b) Work of Doctor at their home
(c) Work of Teacher in the school (d) None of the above

Q.33. Which one of the following is considered important to create a
'virtuous cycle' by the parents?
(a) To sand their children to the school
(b) To provide goods food to their children
(c) To join their children in corporate schools
(d) To take care of the health and education of their children

Q.34. Infant mortality rate in 2001 was :
(a) 85 (b) 70
(c) 75 (d) 35

Q.35. What is the life expectancy in India as per the census of 2000?
(a) 72 years (b) 53 years
(c) 64 years (d) 80 years

Q.36. Tenth Plan endeavoured to increase enrolment in higher education from 6% to :
(a) 7% (b) 9%
(c) 10% (d) 12%

Q.37. Decrease in IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) of a country signifies:
(a) Increase in life expectancy (b) Increase in GNP
(c) Economic development of a country (d) Increase in number of colleges in a country

Q.38. which one is odd in the following (with reference to population) :
(a) Education (b) Medical Care
(c) Training (d) Computers

Q.39. The number of females per thousand males refers to :
(a) Sex Ratio (b) Literacy Rate
(c) Infant Mortality Rate (d) Birth Rate

ANSWERS

21. (d), 22 (b), 23 (c), 24 (c), 25 (b), 26. (a), 27. (c), 28. (b), 29.(c), 30 (d),
31. (a), 32. (c), 33.(d), 34. (c), 35. (c) 36. (b), 37 (a), 38 (d), 39. (a)

65% 

To provide elementary education to all the children in the age group of 6 to 14 years. 

0.64% 

Kerala

1. Statistically the unemployment is low in India. A large number of people represented with low income and productivity are counted as employed.

2. They appear to work throughout the year but in terms of their potential income.

3. It is not adequate for them; the work that they are perusing seems force upon them.

4. They may therefore want other work for their choice. 

1. Educated parents are found to invest more heavily on the education of their children.

2. This because they have realized the importance of education for themselves.

3. They are also conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene.

4. They accordingly look after their children’s needs for education at school and good health.

5. A virtuous cycle is thus created in this case

1. Due to investment on human capital the output of the persons is increased.

2. With the investments made on her education and health, can yield a high return in the future in the form of higher earnings and greater contribution to society.

3. By investing more on education and health, the educated people have made efficient use of other resources like land and capital.

4. Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made their countries rich and developed 

1. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are in asset for the economy turn into a liability.

2. There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.

3. People do not have enough money to support their family. Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste

1. Market activities remuneration to anyone who performs i.e., activities performed for pay or profit these include production of goods or services including government services.

2. Non market activities are the production for self consumption. These can be consumption and processing of primary products and own account production fixed assets. 

1. The household work done by women is not recognized as a productive work.

2. Women are ill paid because they are less educated and low skill formation.

3. Most of the women are working in unorganized sector where there is no job security.

4. Women with high education and skill formation are paid at par with the men.

5. Indian society is conservative society; they don’t allow the women to work outside the home. 

1. In case of urban areas educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon.  

2. Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find job.

3. A study showed that unemployment of graduate and post graduate has increased faster than among matriculate.

4. A paradoxical man power situation is witnessed as surplus of manpower in certain categories coexist with shortage of manpower in others.

5. There is unemployment among technically qualified person on one hand, while there is a dearth of technical skills required for economic growth. 

It is an indicator of depressed economy. 

Educated unemployment 

1. Birth rate is the number of babies born there for every one thousand people during a particular period of time.  

2. Death rate is the number of people per one thousand who died during a particular period of time.

3. Infant mortality rate is the death of a child under one year of age. 

1. There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.

2. There is also an establishment of pace setting of schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district.

3. Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skills. 

1. Mid-day scheme is to provide nutritional food to students during the school time.  

2. This scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children in schools.

3. It aims at improving the nutritional status of the children. 

1. Our national policy aims at improving the accessibility of health care, family welfare and nutritional service with the special focus on the under privileged segment of population.  

2. India has built up vast health infrastructure and has developed man power required at primary, secondary and tertiary sector in government as well as in the private sector.

3. Many medical collages are opened by the government. 

1. A large population can be turned into a productive asset by investing in education, training and health.

2. For Example, Japan has invested heavily on the development of human resources.

3. They did not have any natural resource. This country is developed and rich country. 

1. This type of unemployment is common in urban areas.

2. There is unemployment among educated and technically skilled workers because they do not compromise on, low wages while in search of gainful employment.

3. A person is termed as ‘unemployed’ when they are capable and willing to do gainful work at prevailing wages but still they cannot get work 

1. The literacy rates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11.

2. Literacy is not only a right, it is also needed if the citizens are to perform their duties and enjoy their rights properly. However a vast difference is noticed across different sections of population.

3. Literacy among mails is nearly 16.6% higher than females and it is about 16.1% higher in urban areas as compared to the rural areas.

4. In 2011 literacy rates vary from 94% in Kerala to 62% in Bihar.

5. The Primary school system has expanded to over 7.68 lakhs in 2004-05. 

1. Rapid growth of population is major cause of unemployment in India.

2. Due to the shortage of capital and other essential inputs, the industrialization process is very slow. Underdevelopment is also responsible for unemployment.3

3. Faulty education policy is also a major cause of unemployment.

4. Decline in cottage industry is also a cause of unemployment in India. In rural areas cottage industry was the only means of employment particularly of the land less people.

5. Dependence of maximum population of India on the agriculture.