(1) Louis Philippe
(2) Karol Kurpinski
(3) Giuseppe Mazzini
(4) Johann Gottfried

(1) A series of wars in the region and finally the First World War in 1914
(2) Opposition to imperial domination in the colonies
(3) The idea that societies should be organised into nation states
(4) All the above

(1) Opposition to monarchy and support to democratic republic
(2) To establish liberty and freedom under a monarchy
(3) Disintegration of the German confederation under 39 States
(4) Censorship of newspapers, books, plays and songs