(1) Major European powers manipulated nationalist sentiments of the people to further their own imperialistic designs
(2) Nationalist groups had become intolerant of each other
(3) Nationalism had become a narrow creed with limited ends
(4) All the above

(1) They were fighting against the Muslim Ottoman Empire
(2) They had sympathies for ancient Greek culture
(3) Greece was considered the cradle of European civilisation
(4) All the above