(1) The English helped the Protestants in Ireland to dominate the Catholics who were in a majority

(2) Catholics' revolts against the British were suppressed.
(3) Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801, after the failure of Wolfe Tone revolt in 1798
(4) All the above

(1) To establish tariff barriers
(2) To restore the monarchies
(3) To divide the German Confederation of 39 states
(4) To establish democracies

(1) The emergence of the nation state
(2) The multinational dynastic empire
(3) Territorial state
(4) Absolute monarchy

(1) The Nobility
(2) The landed aristocracy
(3) The Church
(4) The absolute monarchs

(1) Creation of a network of railways to promote nationalism
(2) Opposition to unhindered movement of goods, people and capital in member states
(3) Reduction of tariff barriers in states
(4) Reduction of number of currencies in Germany