1. Apartheid refers to the official policy of racial separation and ill treatment of blacks followed by the white government of South Africa between 1948 and 1989.

2. This practice of racial discrimination remained for the longest period in South Africa. 

1. The rulers should lay down how the rulers are to be chosen in future.  

2. These rules should also determine what the elected governments are empowered to do and what they cannot do.

3. These rules should decide the rights of the citizens. 

1. The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly elected representatives called Constituent Assembly.

2. Elections to Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.

3. Its first meeting was held in December 1946.

4. The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Pakistan after the Partition.

5. The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution constituted as many as 299 members. 

1. Sovereign: People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India.  

2. Socialist: Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socioeconomic inequalities.

3.  Secular: Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.

4. Democratic: A form of government where people enjoy equal rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable. The government is run according to some basic rules.

5. Republic: The head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position. 

1. Justice: Citizens cannot be discriminated on the ground of caste, religion and gender. Social inequalities have to be reduced. Government should work for the welfare of all, especially of the disadvantaged group.  

2. Liberty: There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they wish to express their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thought in action.

3. Equality: All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be ended. The government should ensure equal opportunity for all.

4. Fraternity: All should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should treat a fellow citizen as inferior. 

July 1946 

Dr Rajinder Prasad 

Dr B.R. Ambedkar