The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are: limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Integrated Steel Plants are large plants which handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Mini Steel Plants are smaller, have electric arc furnaces, use mainly steel scrap and sponge iron as inputs. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.

Problems of Steel Industry:
→ High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
→ Lower productivity of labour.
→ Irregular supply of power.
→ Poor infrastructure.

Following are some recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity:
→ Liberalisation
→ Foreign direct investments (FDI) with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
→ Improvement in production process by the use of newer technologies.

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution – air, water, land, and noise pollution. Following are the various reasons:
→ Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
→ Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
→ Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
→ Wastes from nuclear plants cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
→ Dumping of wastes especially, glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and other garbage render the soil useless.
→ Noise pollution is caused due to industrial and construction activities, factory equipment, generators, electric saws, drills and other machineries.

The steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry are:
→ To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law.
→ For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.
→ Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise absorbing material.

Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.

(i) Used to drive machinery                 (5) P...........................

(ii) People who work in a factory          (6) W..........................

(iii) Where the product is sold              (6) M..........................

(iv) A person who sells goods             (8) R...........................

(v) Thing produced                             (7) P...........................

(vi) To make or produce                      (11) M..........................

(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded       (9) P...........................

Answer

(i) Power
(ii) Worker
(iii) Market
(iv) Retailer
(v) Product
(vi) Manufacture
(vii) Pollution

Q.1. In 1857 where the first cotton mill of India was founded
A. Mysore B . Madras C . Surat D. Bombay

Q.2. Largest producer of Jute and Jute made goods
A. Bangladesh B. India C. Sri Lanka D. Brazil

Q.3. Iron and steel is a
A. an agro base industry B. a chemical industry
C. basic industry D. tertiary industry

Q4. Durgapur is situated in
A. Jharkhand B. Orissa C. Chhattisgarh D. West Bengal

Q.5 Chemical industries usually are located near
A. Iron and steel industries B. Thermal power plant
C. Oil refineries D. Automobile industry

Q6. STP is the Abbreviation of
A. System tech park B. Software Technology Park
C. State thermal plant D. Software Technology Picket

Q7. NTPC is the Abbreviation of
A. National Textile Production Company
B. National Technology Production Company
C. National Thermal Power Corporation
D. National Tuberculosis Prevention Corporation
 
Q8. Atomic power plant causes
A. Water Pollution B. Noise Pollution C. Air Pollution D. Heat Pollution

Q9. Manufacturing industries includes
A. Crop production B. Fish production
C. Plantation D. Sugar Production

Q10. Manufacturing industries includes
A. Converting raw material into ready good B. Transporting raw material
C. Producing raw material D. Procuring raw material 

Answers key of MCQ :
 (1) d (2) b (3) c (4) d (5) c  (6) b (7) c (8) d (9) d (10) a 

(i) Cities provide market and also provide services such as banking, insurances, transport, labour,
 consultants and financial advice etc. to the industries.(ii) Industrial workers need houses and other
 facilities. The provision of these facilities can convert a
 small town into big cities.

Cities provide market and other facilities like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants, and
 financial advice etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make, use of the advantages
 offered by the urban institutions. This is known as agglomeration economies.