1. In the areas of the mountains the Gaddi shepherd of Himachal Pradesh had also a cycle of seasonal movement.

2. They too spent their winter in the low hills of Siwalik range, grazing their flocks in scrub forests.

3. By April the moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti.

4. When the snow melted and high passes were clear, many of them on to higher mountain meadows.

5. By September they began their return movement. On the way they stopped once again in the village of Laul and Spiti, reaping their summer harvest and sowing their winter crops.

6.   Then they descended with their flock to their winter grazing ground in the Siwalik Hills. 

1. High temperature combines with low rainfall.

2. It creates conditions which are dry and extremely hot.

3. Drought conditions are common in this semi arid land of equatorial heat.

4. During such times pastoral animals die in large numbers 

Buchanan a traveler, travel through Mysore and wrote about Gollas.

1. Their families live in small villages near the skirt of the woods, where they cultivate a little ground, and keep some of their cattle selling in the towns the produce of dairy.

2. Their families are very numerous, seven to eight young men in each being common.

3. Two or three of these attend the flocks in the woods, while the remainder cultivate their fields, and supply the towns with firewood, and with straw for thatch 

1. Reserved Forests: The forests which produced commercially valuable timber like Deodar or Sal. No pastoralist was allowed to access these forests.

2. Protected Forests: In these forests some customary grazing rights of pastoralists were granted but their movements were strictly restricted. 

1. Droughts made a severe effect on the pastoral tribes.

2. When rain is less and pastures are dry, pastorals move to new grazing lands but the colonial powers restricted their movement to a small area.

3. They were forced to live in the semi-arid areas.

4. During the drought period, a large number of cattle used to die due to starvation and disease. 

1. The police were given instruction to keep a watch on the movements of pastoralists, and prevent them from entering white areas.

2. Passes to enter the Territory should not be given to these natives unless exceptional circumstances necessitate their entering.

3. Ordinary visiting passes should not be given to the locals. 

 To expand its revenue income, the colonial government looked for every possible source  of taxation.  

1. Taxes were imposed on land, on canal water, on salt, on trade goods and even on animals.

2. Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.

3. In most pastoral tracts of India, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-nineteenth century.

4. The tax per head of cattle went up rapidly and the system of collection was made increasingly efficient.  

5. In the decades between the 1850s and 1880s the right to collect the tax was auctioned out to contractors 

1.  Even today the Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep.

2. Many of them migrated to this region in the nineteenth century in search of pasture for their animals.

3. Gradually over the decades they established themselves in the area, and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds.

4. In winter when the high mountains were covered with snow they lived with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests have provided pasture for their herds.

5. By the end of April they began their northern march for their summer grazing grounds.