1. British rule was gradually established in India after the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

2. After that the roots of colonial rule was established in India.

3. British got control over Bengal the most fertile area of India. 

1.  Lin Ze xu special Commissioner at Canton in 1839, estimated that there were over 4 million opium smokers in China. 2

2. Lin arrested 1600 men involved in the opium trade and confiscated 11000 pounds of opium.

3.  Then he forced the foreign factories to hand over their stocks of opium burnt 20000 crates of opium and blew the ashes to the wind.  

4. When he announced that Canton was closed for foreign trade, Britain declared war. 

1. Cyrus McCormick’s reaper could work as 16 men with sackers.  

2. The new harvesting machines were able to harvesting 500 acres of wheat in two weeks.

3.  The new machines reduced their dependence on the labour.

4. The new harvesting machines made the farmers to sow and harvest a big traits of land. This led to increase in production. 

1. After the war of Independence from 1775 to 1883 and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward.

2. By the time Thomas Jefferson became president of USA in 1800, over 700000 white settlers had moved on to the Appalachian plateau through the passes.

3. Seen from the east coast, America seemed to be a land of promise. Its wilderness could be turned into cultivated fields. Forest timber could be cut for export, animals hunted for skin, mountains mined for gold and minerals.

4. In the decade after 1800 the US Government committed itself to a policy of driving the American Indians westward, first beyond the river Mississippi, and then further west.

5. It was however only after the 1860s that settlers swept into the Great Plains across the river Mississippi. In subsequent decades this region became major wheat- producing areas of America

1.  After the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and the formation of United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward.

2. By the time of Thomas Jefferson become President of USA in 1800, over 700000 white settlers had moved on to the Appalachian plateau through the passes.

3. In the decades after 1800 the US government committed itself to a policy of driving the American Indians westward, first beyond river Mississippi, and then further west.

4. Numerous wars were waged in which Indians were massacred and many of their village burnt.

5. After 1860s the settlers swept into the Great Plains across the River Mississippi.

There is one dramatic fact which makes the period after the 1780s different from any earlier period of English history. In earlier times, rapid population growth was most often followed by a period of food shortages. Food grain production in the past had not expanded as rapidly as the population. In the nineteenth century this did not happen in England. Grain production grew as quickly as population. Even though the population increased rapidly, in 1868 England was produced about 80per cent of the food it consumed. The rest was imported. 

1. Machines were nightmares for the small and marginal farmers.

2. The poor farmers purchased the machines on loan but could not repay back the loan.

3. The poor farmers were forced to abandon their land and searched for jobs.

4. The use of harvesting machines made poor jobless as the big farmers started to use machines instead of man-labour. 
 

1. In their greed for new field, the White Americans landowners played havoc with the natural ecology they slashed and burnt forests indiscriminately.

2. The lesson which we have learnt, that in the mad race for growing more and more crops, one should not play havoc with ecology.

3.  No trees should be cut and not of leaf of grass should be cut.

4. The ecological balance must be maintained at all cost otherwise everything will turn into a nightmare.