1. In Russia most industry was the private property of industrialists. Workers were exploited by industrialists. Wages were very low and working conditions very poor. Working hours were long. In the country side peasants cultivated most of the land.

2. But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties. In Russia peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them.

3. Tsarist Russia joined on the side of the Allied Power with the aim of making some military gain. Russian army lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were 7 million causalities by 1917. Such huge defeats were humiliating and shocking for people of Russia. 

1. Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the party.

2. Lenin thought that in a repressive society like the Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined, and should control the number and quality of its members.

3. They wanted to transform Russian society through revolution. 

1. Socialists were against private property, and saw it as the root of all social ills of time.

2. Socialists favoured society as a whole rather than individually controlled property; more attention would be paid to collective social interests.

3. Marx argued that industrial society was capitalist. Capitalists owned the capital invested in factories, and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.

4. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.

5. Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled.

1. After the industrial revolution, many social and economic changes took place in European society.

2. Industrialization brought men, women and children to factories.

3. Unemployment was common, particularly during the times of low demand for industrial goods.

4. Workers were exploited by industrialists and their working hours were too long and wages were very low.

5. Housing and sanitation were problems since towns were growing rapidly due to migration of people or workers from rural to the urban areas. 

Austria, Hungry, Germany and Turkey 

1. On April-1917-Bolshevik leader Lenin returned to Russia.

2. In July demonstrations by the Bolsheviks against the Provincial Government.

3. July-September- Peasants seized land from the rich landlords.

4. 16th October 1917-Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviets and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power.

5. 24 October-The Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd. F. By December, the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow- Petrograd area

1. Tolerance of all religions.

2. Safeguard of individual right against government.

3. A representative government, well-trained administration and independent judiciary.

4. They did not wasn’t universal adult franchise, but believed that only the propertied should be given the right to vote. 

After effects of the Petrograd Revolution

1. Army officials, landowners and industrialists were influential in the provincial government.

2. Soviets like Petrograd Soviet were set up everywhere.

3. Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia after exile.

4. Lenin put forward his three demands in April Theses